Issue link: https://cp.revolio.com/i/989729
package design and testing. In this regard, ISTA's Load Stability Testing Workgroup supported this study towards determining whether any of the load stability evaluation test methods mentioned above should be implemented in ISTA Procedures 3B and/or 3E. Procedure 3B (Packaged-Products for Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) Shipment) is a general simulation test for packaged-products shipped through LTL carriers' delivery system where different types of packaged-products, often from different shippers and intended for different ultimate destinations, are mixed in the same load [20]. Procedure 3E (Unitized Loads of Same Product) is a general simulation test for unitized loads of the same retail or institutional packaged products [21]. The two real world distribution hazards which are represented through ISTA 3B and 3E Procedures are unit load shocks from fork lift handling and unit load shift inside trailers during surface transport. ISTA's Testing Council was interested in exploring relatively low level, short duration shocks using the modified inclined-impact tester as detailed in ISO 10531-Section 7.2.2.1 (Packaging -- Complete, filled transport packages -- Stability testing of unit loads) [22]. It was also recommended that the impacts should be of less than 0.89 m/s (2 mph) to reduce the rotational forces that can be created by the incline. The intent was to mimic the short duration shocks that are experienced during pallet marshaling when fork lifts impact a pallet thereby potentially causing a shift in the unit load. It has been suggested that this on average is an impact speed of 0.31 m/s (0.7 mph) [23]. With regards to tilt testing, it was established that determining how well a unit load would stay contained (stable) when experiencing the gravitational forces created by truck acceleration, truck braking and truck turning, was of importance. While tilt testing does not replicate the dynamic elements of unit load shocks from fork lift handling and unit load shift inside trailers, it was deemed to be of essence towards correlating load shift to real world containment capability. Figure 2 identifies three potential load shift mechanisms during tilt testing – by tiers, entire load above the pallet and individual containers. The tilt angle is identified as "Ɵ" and the load shift with reference to the pallet edge as "x". To assess the resilience of unit loads during distribution related events, this study established two test methods to observe a palletized load's overall stability. • Tilt test: designed to replicate the gravitational forces exerted on the unit load during specific conditions such as truck acceleration,truck stopping, and truck turning. • Incline impact test: designed to demonstrate the short duration shocks experienced during pallet marshaling which could potentially cause a shift in the unit load. This test also replicates some of the short duration shocks that may occur to the unit load during its distribution. 15 ista views • May 2018 • www.ista.org > MORE ON PAGE 16 Figure 2: Potential Load Shift Mechanisms during Tilt Testing